First, the newest slope of the relationship BP which have Na consumption varied because of the times consumption, recommending that Na density will get echo the partnership with BP top than natural Na intake does
There was a significant 3-way interaction between Na intake, energy, and obesity status for SBP (P=0.033); for DBP, the 3-way interaction was not significant, but there was a significant interaction between energy intake and obesity (P=0.005). In stratified models, the association of Na with SBP was stronger at lower energy intake (higher Na density) than at higher energy intake (lower Na density) in both nonobese (interaction of Na with energy; P<0.001) and obese (interaction of Na with energy; P=0.028); the association of Na and DBP by energy intakes was similar (interaction of Na with energy, P=0.005 nonobese; P=0.049 obese). On the control diet at 2300 mg Na intake in the nonobese, SBP was 4.7 mm Hg (95% CI, 1.0, 8.5) higher at 2100 kcal compared with 3200 kcal (Figure 3A), and DBP was 3.1 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.7, 5.5) higher (Figure 3C). In obese at 2300 mg Na intake on the control diet, there were no differences in SBP (0.6 mm Hg; 95% CI, ?3.8 to 4.9; Figure 3B) or DBP (1.8 mm Hg; 95% CI, ?1.0 to 4.5; Figure 3D) between 2100 and 3200 kcal. On the DASH diet at 2300 mg Na, there were no significant differences in SBP at 2100 versus 3200 kcal regardless of obesity status (2.5 mm Hg; 95% CI, ?1.0 to 6.0 for nonobese and ?1.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, ?6.0 to 3.4 for obese). On the DASH diet at 2300 mg Na, DBP was higher at 2100 versus 3200 kcal in the nonobese (2.1 mm Hg; 95% CI, 0.1–4.4), but not in the obese (?0.3 mm Hg (95% CI, ?3.2 to 2.6).
Figure 3. Interaction of absolute Na intake and energy intake on blood pressure at 3 energy levels stratified by obesity status, indicating 3 levels of Na density (L, I, and H), among normal and overweight (body mass index [BMI] <30 kg/m 2 , A and C) and obese (BMI?30 kg/m 2 , B and D) participants on the control diet. The vertical line is drawn at 2300 mg absolute Na intake. Error bars represent ±1 SE. Results from mixed-effects models of continuous Na and energy, adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, cohort, diet type (DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] or control), clinical center, and carryover effects stratified by obesity status. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.
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This investigation are conducted to decide if the relationship ranging from Na and you may BP may differ with time intake. Multiple secret results came up. 2nd, because in the past said, the end result off Na protection was attenuated regarding the function out-of the brand new Dash diet weighed against the new manage eating plan, suggesting one aspects of eating plan and additionally determine the BP a reaction to alterations in Na consumption. 5,a dozen,13 Including attenuating the new BP reaction to Na, the fresh new Dashboard diet and paid down BP, in line with facts that aspects of eating plan, and a heightened consumption regarding potassium, by themselves all the way down BP. 14 3rd, the latest organization regarding Na with energy consumption with the BP carried on whenever brand new analyses had been stratified by race, except for DBP certainly whites. Last, which have stratification by the carrying excess fat updates, large differences in BP from the energy consumption were observed one of those who were nonobese compared to fat.
Even though the Dashboard–Na data regulated Na thickness, and never sheer Na intake, the initial results of it trial was basically translated in terms of Na intake unlike Na thickness. The lack of reporting abilities because of the Na density may echo brand new absence of analysis into the times consumption in several degree. Analysis of one’s relationships away from Na thickness which have mortality for the observational studies have given blended show. The research out-of Na occurrence having death in the NHANES II follow-upwards research (Federal Health and Nourishment Test Questionnaire) and of NHANES III ideal an enthusiastic inverse association of Na and cardiovascular illnesses mortality, even in the event offered Na with regards to times consumption. fifteen,sixteen On these education, not, Na and energy consumption had been projected on one twenty-four-hours bear in mind, which is not sufficient to guess one’s typical fat reduction intake because of highest go out-to-date variation in Na intake and energy consumption in addition to their ratio. Subsequent, times intake are implausibly low in one another studies. It will be easy the noticed relationships between Na intake and you may cardiovascular disease death can be explained by the below-revealing bias, which is, in the event the overweight anyone report straight down Na density and so are more likely so you can pass away regarding cardiovascular disease, new seen dating will get echo the brand new impression from being obese as opposed to diet plan. The most recent facts out of a prospective cohort study (n=716, 19-12 months realize-up) aligns on consequence of the present day research, that have advertised frequency out-of cardiovascular occurrences twice as high among those throughout the large wapa login instead of reduced quartile of Na occurrence (22% rather than eleven%, respectively; P=0.005) considering eight-time dinner information compiled in the baseline. 17